Stone by Stone

In the 19th century Keble College horrified the city by building the first college in brick. Corridors also offended traditional sensibilities.

Stone is an essential element of Oxford’s look, particularly striking in the low evening sun, when golden hues deepen into rich, saturated honey tones, a quiet wonder of the city. Blessed with a bedrock of the golden hued limestone, Headington stone is where Oxford’s stone building began.

Below is a brief breakdown of some examples of how and why different stone has been employed through the ages.

Oxford Stone — A City Built from its bedrock

There is no single ‘Oxford stone’. The city's buildings reflect an interplay of local geology, growing transport networks, economic change, and evolving tastes over centuries.

The famous golden glow began with the limestone beneath Oxford’s feet and the Headington hills close by.

Headington Stone – Oxford’s Foundation

From the 12th century, Headington stone was Oxford’s signature material - soft, porous limestone formed from ancient marine deposits. Its ease of carving allowed medieval masons to create the spectacular heraldic motifs, figures, and grotesques seen in the vaulted ceilings of the Divinity School.

But there was a flaw: Headington stone weathers poorly in the damp English air, crumbling over time. Older buildings today bear patchwork repairs in harder, imported stone on their exteriors.

Cotswold Stone – A Richer Hue

As Headington’s quarries declined and Oxford’s colleges grew wealthier, builders turned to Cotswold limestone. Its deeper, warmer honey tones and greater durability made it ideal for architectural details that demanded resilience such as window casements.

By the 17th century, Cotswold stone became common, although Headington stone remained widely used. Improvements in road and canal transport in the 17th and 18th centuries allowed Cotswold stone to arrive in larger quantities. College benefactors increasingly tended towards this higher-quality stone to express permanence and frankly flaunt prestige.

Bath Stone – For Restoration and Ornament

The opening of the canal link between Bath and the Thames (1794–1810) made Bath stone available to Oxford. From the Thames, it could be transported easily via the Oxford Canal.

Its consistent pale-gold colour and smooth texture made it more prestigious again than the Cotswold stone. Bath stone suited the classical Georgian style. Large blocks were ideal for elegant façades, such as those on Beaumont Street, or the restoration of grand structures like the Bodleian Library and again details such as window casements (see Magdalen College).

Clipsham (Rutland) Stone – The Modern Choice

By 1844, the Great Western Railway gave Oxford access to high-quality stones from further afield. From the mid-20th century, Rutland’s Clipsham stone has been a favourite. Prized since medieval times for its durability and soft honey tone, less costly and complex meant Oxford could avail of its durability and golden hues which blend so well with Oxford’s older limestone façades.

The Ashmolean Museum extension on Beaumont Street is built entirely of Clipsham, and much of New College has been carefully restored with it. Its consistent colour and fine grain make it ideal for detailed carving — a tradition that continues today.

Preservation Today

Headington’s quarries are long closed, but conservation laws now protect Oxford’s historic fabric. Skilled masons carve replacement blocks and work closely with specialist quarries in the Cotswolds and Rutland to maintain the city’s character. English Heritage and local conservation teams favour lime mortar over cement, allowing stone to "breathe" — preserving buildings for future centuries.

Sandstone is rare in Oxford’s historic buildings but appears in some later 20th-century structures.

Currently ngoing works at Christ Church and Magdalen College still rely on these time-honoured skills.

For Further Reading:
The classic “Stone” by W.J. Arkell (1947) — a beautifully illustrated guide to British building stone — is available on Amazon and secondhand book sites.

Table with examples of stone use in Oxford Building.

Building	Headington Stone	Cotswold Stone	Bath Stone	Rutland Stone
Radcliffe Camera	Used in base and decorative elements	No major use	Used in restoration cladding	Not used
Sheldonian Theatre	Some internal stonework	Possibly roofing or trim	Used in 19th-century repairs	Not used
Christ Church College	Original Tudor elements	Roofs and external detailing	Some restoration work	Not recorded
All Souls College	Medieval stonework	Repairs and local masonry	Used in modern conservation	Possible minor use in later works
Brasenose College	16th-century foundations	Gabled roofs and walls	Used in modern refurbishments	No known use